California Spiny Lobster

Habitat Phsyiology Mating Sexing Measuring Hoop Nets Laws Cooking Recipes Confessions

The Spiny Lobster is found in the tropical and subtropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, including along the coast of Florida. Unlike it's relative the American Lobster, it does not have front claws. Instead, it has spines that cover its body to help protect them from predators. It also has two long antennae used to scare off predators and smaller antennae called antennules used to detect movement and chemicals in the area. Because the Spiny Lobster inhabits warmer waters, it is caught both on a commercial and recreational basis. This page is dedicated to catching the Spiny Lobster.


Scientific name: Panulirus interruptus (meaning: sporadic backward tail.)
AKA California Spiny Lobster
Related to: Other Lobsters, Crabs, Shrimp, Sea Spiders and Barnacles.
Phylum Arthropoda (Approx. 1,125,000 Species)
Class Crustacea

Lobster Habitat:--back to top

Also known as California Spiny Lobster, Rock Lobster, Red Rock Lobster and Crayfish, California Spiny Lobsters are distributed all along the California coast.

California Spiny lobsters live in a variety of habitats on the coast, in water from 1 foot to approximately 600 feet deep,ranging from shallow rock pools, out to the continental shelf.

There is no evidence of mass migration of the California Spiny Lobster, however movements of up to 89 miles have been reported, as well as shorter distances from inshore to deeper offshore waters. In many location spiny lobsters show little movement.

California Spiny Lobsters are carnivorous and eat molluscs, small crustaceans, echinoderms and other benthic invertebrates.

Major predators of both adult and juvenile California Spiny Lobsters are octopus, gummy sharks, fish such as southern rock cod, flathead, wrasse, morwong, conger eels and lingcod.

Lobster Physiology:--back to top

Lobsters include large crustaceans from two groups, one with a pair of large claws and the other without. Clawed lobsters, yabbies and freshwater crayfish, live only on the east coast but in the northern hemisphere of the west coast there are marine representatives too. Marine lobsters, some of which are also called crayfish, do not have claws and are the ones figured here. The carapace is calcareous and tough, reinforced to protect the internal organs of the head and thorax and the gills at the bases of the legs.

Lobsters vary in colour from usually reddish in shallow water, to purple and creamy-yellow in deeper offshore waters.

The antennae are obvious, the compound eyes are on mobile stalks, there are six pairs of small limbs around the mouth, and five pairs of walking legs. The abdomen is strong and muscular, with a strong segmented exoskeleton on the back. It has the swimmerets underneath and ends in a tail fan.

Lobsters vary in colour from usually reddish in shallow water, to purple and creamy-yellow in deeper offshore waters.

The abdomen of the palinurids is large, muscular and edible. In California lucrative fisheries exist for the commonest species. Fishing is usually by the use of baited pots set from small boats close to shore. Because they are so commercially important much is known about the biology and fisheries of spiny lobsters. They inhabit shallow nearshore rocky or reef environments, rarely to 1000 metres depth. They are cryptic, hiding in rock crevices during the day and coming out at night to feed. Analyses of stomach contents tell us that they usually feed on small invertebrates and occasionally on algae.

Lobster Mating Habits:--back to top

During mating the male lobster transfers a packet of sperm to the female where it sticks and appears as a “tar spot” between the last legs. The eggs are laid through holes at the bases of the third pairs of legs and are attached to hairs on the swimmerets where the embryos develop until they hatch. As many as 600 000 eggs may be carried by a large adult female. The eggs of marine lobsters hatch as a larva called a phyllosoma. The translucent flat phyllosoma lives in the plankton for up to 22 months.

Mating occurs during the months of March to July. Fertilization occurs externally, where the fertilized eggs are carried under the tail of the female for 4-6 months( another source told me three weeks). Eggs are extruded from a genital opening at the base of the third pair of walking legs. Female lobsters carrying eggs are known as "in berry" or "buried".

During the spawning season, some female lobsters may have eggs beneath the tail. These lobsters are totally protected in California waters and must be returned to the water immediately.

Spiny lobsters have several recognizable life stages. After hatching, the planktonic larvae (phyllosomes) disperse widely with the ocean currents and have been located hundreds of miles offshore.

This phase of the lobster life cycle lasts between 9 and 20 months, after which the phyllosomes change (metamorphosis) into transparent puerulus, which resemble miniature lobsters in shape.

These puerulus settle in inshore reef areas and soon after settling, moult into bottom dwelling juvenile lobsters.

Sexing a Lobster:(sex that lobster up baby!)--back to top

Male and female lobsters are distinguished by several physical characteristics.

Possibly the easiest method of distinguishing males from females is the difference in the fifth walking legs (counting from the front to back). In females, the fifth or last pair of walking legs terminate in a small claw. This claw is used to tend to the eggs under her tail during the spawning season. Males do not have this claw, with their fifth walking leg ending as a single point.

Another method of quickly determining the difference between male and female spiny lobster is the location of the genital pore. In males, the genital pore is located at the base of the fifth walking leg. In the female rock lobster, the genital pore is found at the base of the third pair of walking legs, where the eggs are released.

A third method for determining the sex of the spiny lobster is by looking at the pleopods (swimmers) located under the tail. Female rock lobster have inner and outer pleopods which are used to carry eggs, whilst the male rock lobster has four pairs of single pleopods.

Measuring a Lobster:--back to top

Spiny lobster must be measured along the middle and on top of the carapace from the front edge of the groove between the antennae, to the rear edge of the carapace. This measurement does not include and hairs attached to the carapace. Any measuring device must fit firmly into the groove between the antennae.




Spiny Lobster Hoop Nets :--back to top


One or Two hoops joined by a cylindrical or cone-shaped net bag.
Maximum of two hoop nets per person in California
Maximum of 10 hoop nets per boat.


California Laws :--back to top


  • All lobster must be measured in the water and released unharmed if undersized.
  • Each harvester must have a gauge made for measuring lobster while harvesting in the water.
  • All recreationally harvested lobster must remain in whole condition while at sea.
  • It is an offense to spear California Spiny Lobster.
  • It is an offense to take egg carrying female California Spiny Lobster.
  • All lobsters must have a carapice larger than 3.5 inches
  • All divers must have with them a fixed measure gauge while in the water.
  • It is illegal for recreational fishers to sell their catch.
  • Spiny lobster pots can only be used by the holder of a commercial license.
  • A bag limit of 7 Spiny lobster per person per day (regardless of how taken).
  • The use of corfs to keep Spiny lobster alive in the water is prohibited.
  • A snare is not a permitted device.


    Catching Tips:--back to top


  • Look closely. You won't find a lobster out in the open, especially during the day when they hole up inside reef crevices and refuse to budge.
  • Look for antennae waving out from holes in the reef, or bring a light to peer in crevices.
  • Water magnifies things so they look bigger underwater. The lobsters look about 1/3 bigger than they really are. Make sure you measure them.
  • Don't take lobster from traps - even if they look lost or abandoned. It's a 3rd degree felony and besides, you could get shot or Keel-Hauled if caught by the fisherman!
  • If you haven't done this before, talk to Brian or Blair about a lobster short course.
  • Most people just keep the tail and throw away the carapace, but this has good stuff in it. Split the lobster lengthwise along it's entire length including carapace, or cook up the carapace separately.
  • If you've got a lobster cornered in a hole, and they have one antenna pointing out at you, and the other back in the hole - WATCH OUT! Something is back there that he is concerned about - like a shark or moray eel. You don't want to be putting your hand back there. For that matter, be careful putting your hand blindly into any hole anyway.
  • An underwater light is useful even in the daytime for looking into holes and cracks. Sometimes the blinding light in their eyes will even momentarily freeze them.
  • When you grab the bug with your gloved hand, make the motion of your grab from the back to front of the lobster. If you grab while moving your hand forward, all the sharp spines on the shell will get you. Grabbing the other way keeps you from getting stuck. Remember that California lobsters don't have any claws to pinch, just the sharp shells to passively defend themselves.
  • If the lobster is out in the open, don't grab 'em, pin 'em. In one fell swoop, come down on the lobster and pin them to the bottom with your hand. If you simply go for a grab, the lobster will be gone by the time you think to clinch your fingers around their spiny little bodies.
  • Put them in your bag tail first for two reasons. The first is that they escape by flicking their tail and going backwards. This puts them right in your bag. The second is that the sharp spines all face forward so it's harder to put them head first in a mesh bag. Once it's in the bag make sure it's tightly closed.
  • Check you bag frequently for big holes where they can escape
  • When you see a nest of lobster, catch the little one first. If it meets the size requirements then you know the rest of them will.
  • Bigger lobsters are generally out in the 40-60 foot depths.
  • Don't get greedy - respect the limits and leave some for the rest of us


    How do we cook them:--back to top


    I like broiled lobster tails smothered in butter, but there are a lot more ways to cook them! Brian's Tips from the Scubanaked has an excellent section on different ways cook lobster.


    Before you cook the lobster, you will need to clean them. If you only want the tail and want to seperate it from the body, fold the end of the tail under the lobster and twist it while holding the body of the lobster stationary. With a good twist, it will seperate off the lobster. When this is done, break off the one of the spines, and stick it into the vent at the base of the tail. Put it in about two inches, and twist it a half turn and pull it out. This is the lobsters colon, and it should come out with all the stuff attached to the antenna.


    Lobsters will stay alive out of the water for up to a day if they are kept in a cool, moist place. Fresh water will kill them, so if you put them in a cooler, make sure they are on top of the ice, and that you drain off the melting water. Putting layers of seaweed below and an on top of them will also help. Lobster tails will stay good in the fridge for about a week, and if frozen in water and put in the freezer, should last for months!



    Lobster Recipes:--back to top


    "The Normal Way"

    Cut off the underside shell of the tail with kitchen shears. Coat the exposed meat with butter, lemon and garlic. Place on grill, top shell down, for about five minutes and then flip. Meat is done when white and firm. Serve with lemon and butter.


    "Honey Lobster"

    Cut tails in half and place in a small loaf pan. Drizzle on butter, garlic salt and a squirt of honey. Place pan on grill and cook until the meat is white and firm-- timed at approximately two frosty beverages. Peel out the meat and dip into the drippings in the pan.

    For more great recipes visit Scubanaked.com recipe page.



    Confessions of a "Lobstaholic":--back to top


    A California Diving News Article, by Dana Durgin.

    Hi. My name is Dana. I am a lobstaholic. I realize now that I have been one since October 1987. The pursuit and capture of lobsters has become an obsession and perhaps a psychological dependency. Friends tried to tell me that this might happen, but I would not listen. I thought it could not happen to me.

    It all began innocently enough. I was a new diver in 1987, eager to learn all the aspects of diving, well on my way to becoming a Divemaster. Then someone told me about a lobster hunting trip to Southern California. It sounded so exciting, so manly—how could I refuse? I met a group of new and interesting people. I caught my first lobster easily. It weighed 10 pounds. When I surfaced and showed it to the cheering crowd. Okay, there was no cheering crowd, but many people admired it and my lobster catching prowess (mostly luck at that point). I did not know it then, but that was the beginning of my long slide into lobster dependency. How do I know? Well, it is difficult now for me to walk by a tank of lobsters in the supermarket without reaching in and grabbing the biggest one.

    To what lengths have I gone to capture them?

    I have violated many PADI rules, not to mention common sense. Always dive with a buddy, PADI says. Most of my lobster dives have been solo, including night dives. It just sort of happened that way—buddies separated in hot pursuit of bugs. Or, I did not want to wait for the buddy to get ready. After a while I began to prefer it that way (bug fever insidiously causing me to violate the PADI rules). Diving by myself, I am completely responsible for my own actions and I do not have the distraction (compulsive bug focusing) of keeping an eye on my buddy.

    It also means I do not have someone telling me I should not do foolish things like crawling into holes after bugs. Two of my multi-lobster dives involved going into larger caves that were literally crawling with bugs, caves large enough to work with my tanks on. In the second one there were no problems. In the first, after I was 40 feet or so inside, my capturing of bugs had so stirred up the mud so that I had no idea which way was out. I followed the wall and went the right way on the first try.

    The first time I took my BC and tank off underwater was because I got stuck in a tight hole and had to take it off to get out. The second time, I entered a flat cave about two feet high dragging the tank beside me. Some 15 feet inside I cornered a vicious pack of lobsters. I caught one and the others bolted, reducing visibility to zero. I dropped my light and caught another as it bounced off me. Now what do I do, with a lobster in each hand, no light, no tank, unable to see the exit? I tucked the bugs inside my farmer John top, felt for the light, and waited for the murk to clear. If I was going to panic, that would have been an opportune time. I did not panic.

    There have been many other tank removal incidents, nearly all intentional. In 1999 my twin tanks came off unintentionally, ripped from my back in strong surge in shallow water—that is the one tank removal I do not want to repeat.

    Nowhere in the PADI rulebook does it say “always surface with 500 psi of air in your tank except while lobster hunting.” I have run out of air well below the surface three times—one of them intentionally while catching a lobster. I have done it many other times as I came to the surface. Two years ago I had a large bug (9 pounds; won the pool) by the horns in one hand while digging him out of a rock pile with the other. I told myself that I was going to catch this bug, or run out of air—whatever happens first. I caught him and surfaced with less than 100 psi. I have surfaced more than once with an empty tank only to see the boat on the other side of a very dense patch of kelp. A 200 psi reserve would have gotten me to the boat under the kelp instead of through it. Bug obsession strikes again; catch the bug—to hell with rules, comfort and common sense.

    What about the risk of decompression sickness?

    A real manly lobster diver stud does not skip any dives, because he knows that the one he skips will be the one where everyone else catches lots of bugs; otherwise known as lobstaholic greed. He is also sitting at the rail fully ready to go before the boat even stops. Sound familiar?

    In the beginning, I was intentionally self-limiting, in that I used a single tank and consumed a lot of air. It was difficult to exceed the limits unless I did deep dives. I once did two three-day trips back to back—something like 27 dives in 6 days—did ‘em all, didn’t skip one. My computer never went into decompression, although it was frequently close. Later, I switched to twin tanks. Now I had to be more careful, more aware of depths, times, surface intervals. I still do all of the dives; I just stay shallower longer.

    I confess to having my computer go into decompression once. It was the last dive of the third day. I was headed back toward the boat, low on air and bottom time. I spotted one more nice bug. Surely I can quickly catch this one and still be OK. Wrong. I tried, but he escaped. When I looked at my computer it was flashing—something like “you really screwed up this time, bonehead.” Heading toward the boat, I blundered into the anchor line and hung there at 10 feet until I ran out of air. One more minute, and I would have completed the decompression stop. I was still okay.

    What has all this cost me?

    I have conservatively calculated that I have made about twenty 3-day trips to the Channel Islands from Reno specifically to chase lobsters, or about 250 dives. At a cost of at least $500 per trip, that is at least $10,000. On those 20 trips say I averaged 15 lobsters per trip. That makes at least 300 dead lobsters—at $33 each. In economic terms, maybe I really should catch my lobsters in the supermarket tank.

    Since I did not have a wife during this time period, I could not lose her to lobstaholism, as some others have. There has been a definite gain of friends. The strong friendships that have come from this obsession will last a lifetime and are worth many times the money spent. I joke about the cheers of the crowd; that too is a lesser but important part of all this. I have gained a certain amount of respect from my peers, because I have gotten fairly good at it. It is a nice feeling, being considered one of the “experts.” Becoming good at lobster hunting is at least partly due to persistence. I believe that persistence is a very important part of any achievement. I learned this by doing it; I was largely my own instructor (I did learn from other divers, too).

    On the second half of a back-to-back six-day trip, in the middle of the second (fifth for me) day, a “new guy” came up to me to ask for some advice. I was sitting in my accustomed position at the rail, compulsively ready to go before the boat stopped. He and his buddies had been sitting on the upper deck taking it easy, skipping some dives. My response was, “First, you are not going to catch any lobsters sitting on the boat.” I did not mean to be rude, just honest. I invited him to come with me and learn. He did not accept the offer; he apparently did not want to invest the required time and effort.

    Do I regret becoming a lobstaholic?

    Well, in some respects, yes. After a lobster trip my fingertips are shredded and sore, and I have to dig broken urchin spines out of my skin. It has cost me quite a bit of money that I could have invested in wine, women and song. But overall, it has been a great adventure, meeting interesting people, and having a few tense moments along the way. But those are part of the deal. Skipping the tense moments would have made it much less of an adventure.

    Besides, I can quit any time I want. I am just not ready—yet.


    Notice that on the right side of this giant bug is a normal sized lobster.


    Habitat Phsyiology Mating Sexing Measuring Hoop Nets Laws Cooking Recipes Confessions